The Wanderer Glossary

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In defining/glossing terms I will provide alternative spellings in () to help locate the word in other glossaries, this will be followed by the number of times (1x) it appears in the poem and then by an attempt to identify the part of speech and then by various definitions–often referring to alternative grammatical forms here as well, when necessary.

acwið (a-cweðan) (1x) verb. to say to utter to declare -- or cwiþan to say speak — or cwiðan to speak or to moan in grief, to mourn , or lament

acyþan (a-cyþan) (1x) verb. to show announce confirm— or (cyðan) to make known, annonce, tell, relate, proclaim, announce,

age (agan) (1x) verb. to own, have, possess, rule or (agen) adjective. own

ana adjective (1x) alone or (an) numeral/adjective/pronoun one, only, sole, singular, singular, solitary, a certain one,

andan (1x) masculine. vexation or anger or (adan) an emotion of the mind--malice, envy, anger, zeal, annoyance, vexation, hatred

anhaga (an-haga) (1x) masculine. one dwelling alone or recluse or (an-hoga)

anhogan (1x) masculine. care, or anxiety, or from (hogian : to think, consider use the mind, or hoga: careful, thoughtful, prudent)

aræd (a-ræd) (1x) masuline. intensive of ræd counsel, welfare, safety, what is best to do, or prepared, resolute, determined,

are (ar) (2x) feminine. honour, honesty, favour, benefit, pity, mercy,

asca (æsca) (1x) masculine. ash-wood, ash-wood spear, ash-wood boat, or dust

asecgan (a-secgan) (1x) verb. to speak out, declare, express, tell, say, relate, explain, announce, proclaim

æfter (1x) adverb/preposition. after or post- or along, through, during, according to, by means of, about

ælda (ælde/ielde) (1x) masculine. man or (ældo) the elders or (ældu) feminine. age, old age, an age, a century or (*led) masculine. fire or firebrand

ær (4x) adverb/conjunction/preposition before, sooner earlier, formerly, already, ante-, preceding, ancient, prior

æt (2x) preposition. at, to, before, with, in, for, near, against or (æt) noun. food or eating

ætgædre (1x) adverb. together, united, at the same time

baþian (baðian) (1x) verb. to wash, foment, cherish, to bathe

benne (benn) (1x) feminine. a wound or (bennian) to wound

beoð (beoðan) (1x) verb. are, to be

beorht (1x) adjective. bright, light, clear, lucid, splendid, excellent, or (beorhtan) to shine

beorn (2x) masculine. a man, a warrior , or a prince, nobleman, chief, general, soldier

beot (1x) neutered. a vow, threat, command, menace, peril, boasting, boasting promise, promise, or (on beot) adverb. threateningly, or (beatan) verb. to beat or hurt

bi (1x) preposition. by, near to, at, in, upon, of, about, or (bi/beo) feminine. bee

bidæled (bi-dæled pp of bi-dælan) (1x) verb. to deprive, bereave of anything, to deliver, to release, free from anything

bidrorene (bi-droren) (1x) past participle of (dreosan). fallen, perished, crumbled, disintegrated

bið (biþ) (10x) verb. is, from (beon)

biforan (bi-foran/be-foran) (1x) adverb/preposition. before, in front of , in the presence of, prior to , sooner than, ante-, of old, earlier, formerly, at hand, openly

bihrorene (bi-hroren) (1x) past participle of (bi-hreosan) rushed down, covered, fallen, gone to ruin, or attacked

bindað (1x) 3^rd plural (bindan). bind, tie, restrain

binde (1x) subjunctive (bindan). should bind or (bind) neuter. a binding, fetter, band, wreath, or (binde) feminine. a head-band,

bindeð (1x) 3^rd singular (bindan). binds, ties, restrains

biwaune (bi-wawan/be-wawan) (1x) verb. to blow against, to blow upon, to be shaken by the wind, to be blown by the wind

biwrah (bi-wrah) (1x) 3^rd plural (bewreon) covered, hid, covered over, enwrapped, protected

biþ (bi[) (2x) verb. is, from (beon)

blæd,(1x) masculine. a blast, blowing, or blowing breath, inspiration, spirit, life, mind, glory, prosperity, dignity, richess or (blæd) neuter. blade or leaf blade, leaf or flowers, fruit or blade of an oar

bote (bot) (1x) feminine. help, assistance, remedy, cure, boot, or offering, compensation due to an injured person for wrongs sustained, peace offering, correction, reparation, restoring, renewing, repentance,

brædan (1x) verb. to make broad, broaden, extend, spread or (brædan) to roast, broil, warm

breac (1x) preterite singular (brucan) enjoyed, used, partook of, possessed

breahtma (breahtm) (1x) masculine. a noise, a tumult, sound, cry, revelry or (bearhtma) an instant, atwinkling (of an eye), a shining, moment, glance, an atom

breostcofan (breost-cofa) masculine. the breast chamber, the breast, the heart, mind

breostum (breost) neuter. the breast of man or beast, the breasts, the seat of the vital powers, the feelings, the affections

brimfuglas (brim-fugel) (1x) masculine. a sea bird--seagull

bringeð 3^rd singular (bringan) brings, adduces, leads, procures, bears, carries

bryttan (brytta) (1x)a bestower, dispenser, distributor, prince, lord,

bune (1x) feminine. a cup, beaker, drinking vessel, or a reed

burgwara (burg-waran) (1x) masculine. inhabitants of a city

byrnwiga (byrn-wiga)(1x) masculine. a warrior wearing a byrnie, a soldier clothed in armor, a mail-clad warrior

C

ceare (cear)(1x) feminine. sorrows, anxieties, cares, griefs

Cearo (cearu)(1x) feminine. care, sorrow, grief

clyppe (1x) present subjunctive of (clyppan). embrace, clasp, cherish

cneo (1x) neuter. a knee, or generation, relationship, degree of relation, possibly related to (cneodan) to give

cnyssað (1x) present plural of (cnyssan). press, trouble, toss, strike, dash, beat, overcome

collenferð (collen-ferhþ) (1x) adjective. fierce-minded, bold of spirit, bold

cuðra (cuþra) (1x) adjective. known, familiar possibly related to (cunnan) to know, could

cunnað (1x) present plural of (cunnan) become acquainted with, know or with infinitives know how to, have the power to, be able to, can

cunne (3x) from cunnan he knows or can or subjunctive should know

cwæð (2x) 3^rd singular (cweðan) said, spoke, replied

cwicra (cwic) (1x) adjective. alive, living

cwidegiedda (1x) neuter plural. songs

cwiþan (cwiðan) (1x) verb. to moan in grief, mourn, lament, or (cweðan) to speak

cwom (4x) 3^rd preterite cuman. came or went

cymeð (1x) 3^rd present (cuman) comes, goes

cysse (1x) present subjunctive of (cyssan) kiss

D

dæl (1x) masculine. a part, portion, deal, number

deaðe (dea])(1x) masculine. death

deope (1x) adjective. deeply, profoundly, thoroughly, entirely, earnestly, thoughtfully

deorce (1x) adverb. Darkly, sadly, obscurely, gloomily

dogra (1x) masculine/neuter. days

domgeorne (dom-georne) (1x) adjective. eager for justice, ambitious, just, virtuous,

dreame (dream)(1x) masculine. revelry, joy, pleasure, gaiety, gladness, mirth, rejoicing, rapture, ecstacy, frenzy, or what causes mirth--music or musical instrument

dreorig (1x) adjective. sad, sorrowful, dreary, gloomy, wretched, pensive, or bloody, gory, glorious,

dreorighleor (dreorig-hleor) (1x) adjective. sad of countenance, sad-faced,

dreorigne (dreorignys) adjective. dreariness, sadness, gloominess, wretchedness

dreoseð (1x) 3^rd present (dreosan) rushes, falls, perishes, crumbles also rushing, falling, perishing, crumbling,

duguþ (1x) (feminine) multitude, troops, army, people, men, attendants, nobles, the heavenly host, majesty, that which is good and honorable or power, manhood and all who have reached manhood,

duguþe (1x) (feminine) multitude, troops, army, people, men, attendants, nobles, the heavenly host, majesty, that which is good and honorable or power, manhood and all who have reached manhood

durre (1x) 1^st present (durran) I dare, presume,

E

eal (eall) (5x) adjective. all, entire, or adverb. altogether, entirely, or pronoun. everything

Eala (Ea-la) (3x) interjection. Alas!, O!, Oh!,

eald (1x) adjective. old, ancient, antique, or honored, eminent, great, exalted

Eall (1x) adjective. all, entire, or adverb. altogether, entirely, or pronoun. everything

ealra (1x) plural gentive (eall) all, every

ealre (1x) feminine dative (eall) all

eardgeard (eard-geard) (1x) masculine. a dwelling place, place of habitation, world

eardstapa (eard-stapa) (1x) masculine. wanderer, earth-stepper, land-stepper,

earfeþa (earfo]e) (1x) neuter. hardship, labor, trouble, difficulty, suffering, torment, torture or adjective. hard difficult, troublesome

earfoðlic (1x) adjective. difficult, full of hardship

earmcearig (1x) adjective. miserable, sad

earmne (1x) adjective. miserable, wretched, poor, helpless, or the poor

ederas (eodor)(1x) masculine. houses, dwellings, or hedges, boundaries, or princes, lords

eðle (e[el) (1x) masculine. country, native land, ancestral home, domain, home,

eft (2x) adverb. again, a second time, anew, or then, thereupon, afterwards, hereafter, thereafter

elne (1x) dative singular (ellen) zeal, strength, courage, fortitude,

enta (ent) (1x) masculine. giants

eorðscræfe (1x) neuter. earthen cave, grave

eorl (2x) masculine. warrior, man, hero, earl, nobleman, an Anglo-Saxon nobleman of high rank, a brave man, leader, chief

eorla (1x) genitive plural (eorl). warriors, men, noblemen

Eorlas (1x) plural (eorl). warriors, men. noblemen

eorle (1x) dative singular (eorl) warrior, man, hero, earl, nobleman

eorþan (eorþen) (2x) adjective. of the earth or in the earth

F

fah (1x) adjective. guilty, criminal, proscribed, outlawed, inimical, hostile or masculine. foe, enemy

fæder (1x) masculine. father

fægen (1x) adjective. glad, willing joyful rejoicing elated

færlice (fær-lice) (1x) adverb. suddenly, unexpectedly, quickly,

fæste (2x) adjective. fast, firm, secure

fæstnung (1x) feminine. security, safety, or a bond, fastening, strengthening, or confirmation, ratification, engagement, pledge, or shelter, protection,

fealleþ(1x) present participle of (feallan) falling, falling down, falling dead or 3^rd present of (feallan) to fall, fall down, fail, fall dead

fealwe (fealu) (1x) adjective. fallow, yellow, pale, dusky, dun-colored, bay-colored

fela (1x) adjective. many, much, many things, very much

feoh (1x) neuter. wealth, property, cattle, moveable good, living animal, instrument of monetary exchange

feohgifre (feoh-gifre) (1x) adjective. greedy of money/goods, avaricious, covetous,

feor (feorr) (3x) adjective/adverb. far, beyond, moreover,

ferð (ferhð) (1x) masculine/neuter. soul, spirit, mind, life

ferðe (1x) dative (ferð). soul, spirit, mind, life

ferðloca (ferð-loca) (1x) masculine. the soul’s enclosure, breasts, thoughts, feelings, body, bosom

ferðlocan (ferð-locan) (1x) masculine. the soul’s enclosure, breasts, thoughts, feelings, body, bosom

ferede (1x) past plural (ferian). carried, conveyed, transported, went, departed,

feterum (1x) dative plural (feter). fetters, bonds, chains for the feet

feþra (feðer) (1x) feminine. feather

findan (1x) verb.to find, find out, meet with, discover, invent, imagine, contrive, order, devise, dispose, arrange, determine,

fleotendra (1x) masculine. floating ones, seafarers

flet (flett) (1x) floor, ground, hall, floor of a house

foldan (1x) adjective/adverb. earthen, earthly

for (1x) preposition. for, on account of, because of, with, by, according to, through, before, fore,

forðon (for-ðon/for-þon) (1x) adverb/conjunction. for that, therefore, for that cause, because, consequently,

forðwege (forð-weg)(1x) masculine. an onward course, a going, forth, a journey, a departure,

forht (1x) adjective. frightened, afraid, fearful, timid, or dreadful, terrible, formidable

fornom (for-nam) (1x) past plural (for-niman) destroyed, took away, plundered, deformed, ransacked, wasted, consumed, devoured,

fornoman (for-nam)(1x) past plural (for-niman) destroyed, took away, plundered, deformed, ransacked, wasted, consumed, devoured,

forþolian (forðolian) (1x) verb. to go without, lack

forþon (for-þon/forðon) (3x) adverb/conjunction. for that, therefore, for that cause, because, consequently,

frefran (1x) verb. to console, comfort, cheer

freomægum (freo-mægum) (1x) masculine. noble kinsmen, relations

freond (1x) masculine. friend, lover,

freondleasne (freond-leasne)(1x) adjective. friendless, or orphan, or outlaw

freorig (1x) adjective. freezing, freezing cold, chilled, frigid, frozen, mournful,

frod (1x) adjective. wise, prudent, sage, skillful, experienced, or aged, old, ancient

frofre (1x) genitive (frofor) feminine. consolation, comfort, solace, help, benefit, profit, refuge,

fugel (fugol/fuglas) masculine. bird, fowl

ful (full) (1x) adjective/adverb full, complete, filled, entire, utter, perfectly or (ful) foul, dirty, impure, corrupt, stinking, guilty

G

 

gæstlic (gæst-lic/gastlic) ghastly, terrible, ghostly, or spiritual, holy

geara (gear) neuter. year

geardagum (gear-dagum) masculine. days of yore, yore days, days of year, time of life

geare (gearwe)(1x) adverb. readily, well, very well, indeed, really, entirely

gearwe (geare) (1x) adverb. readily, well, very well, indeed, really, entirely

gebidan (1x) verb. to get by waiting, await, endure, live to see, experience,

gebideð, (1x) 3^rd singular (gebidan). waits, endures, experiences,

gebind (2x) neuter. a binding, fastening, band, (expression for "surface of the water")

gebindað (1x) present plural (gebindan). bind, tie, restrain, fetter,

gecrong (1x) past (gecrigan/gecrincan) yielded, fell in battle, sank, fell dead, died

gedælde (1x) past (gedælan). divided, shared, imparted, parted, separated, distributed, partook, severed,

gedreas (1x) 3^rd past (gedreosan). rushed, fell, perished, crumbled

geferan (1x) verb. to go, travel, go on, reach by traveling or to behave, fare, get on, come, get to one place

gefremman (2x) verb. to do, promote, perfect, perform, commit, accomplish,

gehealdeþ (1x) 3^rd present (gehealdan). keeps, holds, observes, keeps in, retains, reserves, preserves, saves, defends, protects

geholena (ge-hola) (1x) masculine. protector, defender,

gehwam (ge-hwæm (1x) dative (gewha) whom, each one, whomever, some one, everone

gehwylce (ge-hwylc/ gehwilc) pronoun/interrogative/adjective. which, whoever, what, whosoever, whatever, or each, any , all, every, some,

gehydde (ge-hydde) (1x) past tense (ge-hydan). hid, concealed, preserved or sheathed, or buried

gehygd (ge-hygd) feminine/neuter. though, mind, cogitation, meditation, deliberation, consultation

gemenged (1x) past participle (ge-mengan). mixed, mingled, confused,

gemon (2x) 1^st or 3^rd present. (gemunan). rember(s), recall(s)

gemynd (1x) feminine/neuter. mind, memory, thought, rememberance, commemoration, memento, memorial

gemyndig (1x) adjective. mindful, remembering, recollecting, thoughtful, wise

genap (1x) past participle (genipan). darkened

geneahhe (1x) adverb. enough, sufficiently, abundantly, frequently, earnestly, very much, instantly

geniwad (2x) 3^rd past (ge-niwian). made new, renewed, restored, or changed,

geoguðe (1x) feminine. youth, the state of being young

geond (3x) preposition. through, throughout, among, over, beyond, along, in, or yond, yonder, thither,

geondhweorfeð (geond-hweoreð)(1x) 3^rd present (geond-hweorfan). turns, passes through, goes about, transverses, turns-through, returns-through,

geondsceawað (geond-sceawað) (1x) plural present (geond-sceawian). to look at, look upon, regard, survey, look-through,

geondþence (geond-þence) (1x) 1^st present (geond-þencan). think over, contemplate, think through, imagine, consider,

geondþenceð (geond-þenceð) (1x) 3^rd present (geond-þencan). thinks over, contemplates, thinks through, imagines, considers,

georn (1x) advetive. desirous, earger, anxious, zealous, studious, intent, careful, diligent,

georne (1x) adverb. eargerly, anxiously, zealously, studiously, intently, carefully, diligently,

gesæt (gesæt) (1x) plural past (ge-sittan) sat, remained seated, was stationed

gesceaft (ge-sceaft) (1x) feminine. creation, creature, decree, destiny, the future, an element

geseldan (ge-seldan) masculine. companions ones of the same dwelling, comrades.

gesetu (ge-setu) (1x) neuter. seats, habitations, places, residences

gesihð (gesihð) feminine. sight, power of seeing, vision, something seen, aspect,

gesteal (ge-steal/ge-steall) masculine/neuter. foundation, construction, frame

gesweorce (ge-sweorce) 1^st present (ge-sweorcan). become gloomy, grow dark, or am darkened, saddened, angered

gewat (ge-wæt) plural past (ge-witan). departed, went

geweorc (ge-weorc) neuter. fortification, military work, work, fort, fortress

geþencan (ge-þencan) verb. think, consider, think of, imagine, reflect upon, weigh,

geþohte (ge-þohte) 3^rd past (ge-þencan). thought, reflected, considered, imagined,

geþyldig (ge-þyldig) adjective. patient, long-suffering, quiet,

giefstolas (gief-stola) masculine. gift-stool, gift-seat, throne, throne of grace,

gielpes (1x) genitive masculine neuter. (gielp). glory, boast, vaunt, vow

gleaw adjective. clearsighted, wise, clever, skillful, sagacious, prudent, good

gliwstafum (gliw-stafum/gleotæfum) adverb. joyously joyfully,

gold (1x) neuter. gold,

goldwine (gold-wine) (2x) masculine. gold-friend, gold-lord, a liberal prince, a kindly prince, generous, lord,

greteð 3^rd present (gretan). greets, approaches, salutes, comes to visit, or attacks, or touches, knows carnally,

guma masculine. man

H

 

hafað (1x) (habban) have, has, posses, possesses, keep, keeps

hagle (hægl/hagol) masculine. hail, sleet

hara (har) adjective. grey, hoary, old

hatheort (hat-heort) adjective. hot-tempered, irascible, wrathful, angry, furious, hot-hearted

hæglfare (hægl-fare) feminine hailstorm

hæle masculine. warrior, man, brave man, hero

hæleþum (hæleþ) masculine dative plural. warrior, man, hero

he (10x) pronoun. he, or, it, or she

heafod (1x) masculine/neuter. head

heah (1x) adjective. high, tall, lofty, sublime, haughty

healde from (healdan) to hold, keep, grasp, restrain, confine, contain, guard, protect,

hean adjective. low mean, vile, abject, poor, humble, humbled

heanne masculine accusative singular of (heah). high, or adverb. ignominiously, shamefully, abjectly

hefigran (hefig) (1x) adjective. heavy, severe, grievous, oppressive

helpe (help) feminine. help, aid, succor

heo feminine nominative singular. he, it ,she

heofonum (2x) masculine/feminine. skies, heavens, heaven

heolstre (heolstor) (1x) genitive plural masculine. hiding place, that which covers, conceals, or darkness, a veil

heortan (heorte) feminine. heart

her (4x) adverb. here, in this world, at this time

hi (1x) nominative plural of (he). they

him (7x) dative singular and plural (he). him or them

hine (2x) masculine accusative singular (he). him

his (8x) genitive singular (he). his

holm (1x) masculine. wave, water, sea, ocean,

honda (1x) (hond/hand) feminine. hands

hondum (1x) (hond/hand) feminine. hands or power, control, possession, charge, agency

hordcofan (1x) (hord-cofa) masculine. treasure chamber, closet, (hoard closet) or a place where thoughts are stored–heart, breast, thoughts

hrædwyrde (1x) adjective. (hræd-wyrde) hasty in speech, hasty words, or ready-worded, quick-worded, swift-worded

hreo (2x) (hreoh) adjective. rough, fierce, angry troubled, stormy, tempestuous, disturbed, or (hreof) rough, scabby

hreosan (1x) verb. to fall rapidly, fall down, turn in

hreosende (1x) past (hreosan). fell rapidly, fell down

hreran (1x) verb. to move, shake, stir, agitate

hreþra (hreþer/hreðer) masculine genitive plural. heart, breast,

hrið (1x) feminine, snowstorm, or a storm, tempest

hrim (1x) masculine. hoarfrost, frost

hrimcealde (hrim-ceald) adjective. cold as frost, icy cold, frost-cold

hrime (1x) acussitive/dative/genetive singular (hrim). hoarfrost. frost.

hrusan (2x)(hruse) feminine. the earth, the ground

hryðge (hryðig/hriðig) adjective. stormbeaten, ruined

hryre (1x) masculine. fall, death

hu (5x) adverb. how

hwan (1x) adverb/conjunction. when, or (hwon, or for-hwon) when or why.

hwær (6x) adverb/conjunction. where, somewhere, whence,

hweorfan (1x) verb. to turn, change, go, return, depart, go about wander, hover about

hwider (1x) adverb/conjunction. whither, which way, where

hwilum adverb. at times, for a time, sometimes

hycge (1x) (hycgan) to employ the mind, take thought, be mindful, think, consider, meditate

hyge (1x) masculine. heart, mind, spirit, thought, courage, soul

hyra (1x) genetive plural (he /they). their

ic (8x) pronoun. I

idel (1x) adjective. empty, vacant, idle, that which is useless, vain, or frivolous

idlu (1x) variant of (idel). adjective. empty, vacant, idle, that which is useless, vain, or frivolous

in (inn) (8x) preposition. in, on, into, inside

indryhten (in-dryhten/inn-dryhten) adjective. very noble, distinguished, noble, courtly, befitting one who belongs to a king,

is (1x) 3rd person of beon,  is  or  neuter. ice

iu (1x) (geo) adverb. formerly, of old, before

lagulade (lagu-lad) (1x) feminine. water-path, water way, a way across the water.

larcwidum (lar-cwide) masculine. instructive speech, a precept, custom, maxim,

laste (last)(1x) masculine. a step, footstep, track, trail, treace, sole of the foot

læne (4x) adjective. transitory, temporary, transient, not-enduring, granted for only a time, not permanent, frail,

lease (1x) adjective. false, lacking, loose, free from, destitute or void of, without

lecge (1x) (lecgan) to lay, place, put, or to slay

leofes (leof) (1x) adjective. dear, beloved, loved, desirable, pleasant, acceptable, on who is dear,

leofra (leof) masculine. beloved ones, dear ones

leofre (leof) masculine. beloved ones, dear ones

licgað (1x) 3^rd plural (licgan). lie, are at rest, lie dead, lie in bed, lie low, fail

lif (2x) neuter. life, the oposite of death, theperiod during which someone lives

longe (lange) (2x) adverb. long, a long time, far, late

lyt (1x) adverb, few, little

maga (mæga) (1x) genitive plural of (mæg). kinsmen’s, sons’

mago (magu) (1x) masculine. man, kinsman, warrior,

maguþegnas (magu-þegnas) masculine. young retainers, thanes, servants, follower, retainer, warrior,

maþþumgyfa (maðum-gifa) masuline. treasure giver, giver of costly gifts, a liberal prince.

mæg (4x) 3rd person singular of magan, can or may or masculine. relative, son, kinsman, or a woman, kinswoman

mære (1x) adjective. splendid, illustrious, famous, great, excellent, sublime, celbrated, widely known

meahte (1x) feminine. power, might, ability, virility

mearg (mearh/mearas) masculine. horse, steed

mec pronoun. me

meoduhealle (medu-healle) feminine. mead-hall, banquet hall,

metudes (1x) masculine genitive (metod/meotod). creator, god

mid (3x) preposition/conjunction. with, or and

middangeard (2x) (midden-geard) masculine. world, earth, the middle dwelling,

miltse (milds) feminine. mildness, kindness, mercy, favor,

min (2x) pronoun. my, mine

mine (2x) pronoun. my, mine

minne (3x) pronoun. my, mine

missenlice (missen-lice) (1x) adverb. variously, diversely, differently,

mod (2x) neuter. mind, spirit, disposition, the inner man, spiritual part of the body, special quality of the soul, or courage, pride

modcearig (mod-cearig) adjective. sorrowful of heart, anxious of heart, anxious in spirit

mode (2x) accusative (mod). mind, spirit, disposition,

modge (1x) (modig) adejective. courageous, spirited, bold, brave, high-souled, magnanimous,

modsefa (1x) (mod-sefa) masculine. mind, heart, spirit, thought,

modsefan (1x) (mod-sefan) masculine. mind, heart, spirit, thought,

mon (man) pronoun. one or (mann) masculine. man, human being

mondryhten (manndryhten)masculine. lord, master,

nalæs (nalles/nales)(1x) adverb. not at all, by no means, not

nales (nalles/nalæs)(1x) adverb. not at all, by no means, not

nan (1x) Pronoun/adverb. none, no one, no

næfre (2x) adverb. never

ne (14x) adverb/conjunction. not, nor, or neither/nor

neah (1x) preposition/adverb. near, near to, nearly, or later, latter, last, latest

nemþe (nymðe) (1x) conjunction. unless, except, or nor

nihthelm (niht-helm)(1x) maculine. the cover of night, night’s helmet, the protection of night

nihtscua (niht-scua) (1x) masculine. the shadow of night

nipeð (1x) 3^rd present (nipan). grows dark, obscures

Nis (1x) negative 3^rd singular (beon). is not,

no (3x) adverb/adjective. no,

norþan (1x) adverb. from the north,

nu (3x) adverb/conjunction. now, at this time, now that

of (1x) preposition. of, from, out of, concerning, or away, off,

ofer (3x) preposition/adverb. over, above, across, inspite of, contrary to, after,

ofgeafon (1x) preterite plural (of-giefan). gave up, left, abandoned,

oft (6x) adverb. often

on (8x) preposition. in, into, on, to toward, among, at, against

ond (and) (11x) conjunction. and

Ongietan (On-gietan) (1x) verb. to understand, perceive, make out, realize

onsendeð (on-seneð)(1x) 3^rd singular (on-sendan). sends forth, despatches (an emissary), sends

onwæcneð (on-wæcneð) 3^rd singular (on-wæcan). awakes, wakes up

onwendeð (on-wendeð) 3^rd singular (on-wendan). changes, turns

oþbær (oþ-bær) (2x) preterite singular (oþ-beran.) carried off, bore off, bore away,

oþþæt (oþ-þæt) (2x) conjunction. until

oþþe (oþ-þe) (2x) conjunction. until, or, or either/or

rice (1x) adjective. rich, powerful, mighty, or neuter. rule, dominion, power, kingdom, empire

rune (run) (1x) feminine. a secret, whisper, private counsel, mystery

rycene (recene) (1x) adverb. quickly, readily, promptly, instantly

sare (1x) adverb. sorely, grievously, bitterly, painfully,

sæ (1x) masculine/feminine. sea

sælan (1x) verb. to fasten with a cord or, to happen, betide, fortune

sceal (sceall) (7x) present (sculan). obliged to, have to, must, bound to, ought to, shall,

sceolde (3x) (variant of sculan). obliged to, have to, must, bound to, ought to, shall,

scyppend (scieppend) masculine singular. creator, the creator

se (6x) demonstrative adjective. the, that or demonstrative pronoun. she, he , it , that

seceð (1x) 3^rd singular (secan) seeks, tries to find, looks for, visits, searches for,

secga (1x) masculine. sayer, informant, or (secg) man, warrior

sefan (sefa) (1x) masculine. understanding, mind, heart, spirit

sele (1x) masculine. a house, hall, dwelling

seledreamas (sele-dreamas/sele-dream) mirth of the hall, hall revery, festive pleasure, joyous life of the hall,

selesecgas (sele-secgas/sele-secg) hall-men, hall-warriors, retainers or hall-sayers

sendan (1x) verb. to send, to cause to go, to move to a place

seo (3x) feminine article/pronoun (se). the, this, that, this one, that one, he, she, it, who, which, that, that which,

sinces (sinc) (1x) neuter. treasure, gold, silver, jewels,

sincþege (sinc-þege/sinc-þegu) feminine. the receiving of treasure, acceptance of treasure

sindon (1x) present plural (beon). are

siþþan (1x) conjunction/adverb. since, after, when, or afterwards, then, subsequntly, after that, thereupon,

slæp (1x) masculine. sleep, slumber

sliþen (sliþe) (1x) adjective. cruel, hard, dangerous, evil

snaw (1x) masculine. snow

snottor (snotor) (1x) adjective. prudent, wise, sagacious

sohte ( 1x) past (secgan). sought, visited, looked for, searched for, tried to find

somod (samod) (1x) adverb. together, simultaneously, at the same time, or as well, also, too,

sorg (sorh) feminine. sorrow, grief, affliction, trouble, care, anxiety,

soþe (1x) adverb. truly, truthfully or soþ neuter. truth

spriceð (1x) 3^rd present (sprecan). speaks, utters, makes a speech, converses, declares

stanhleoþu (stan-hleoþu/stan-hilþ) neuter. a stone slope, a slippery slope, a rock

stodon (1x) past plural (standan). stood, remained, stopped

stondaþ (standeþ/standaþ) (1x) 3^rd singular or plural present (standan). stand(s), remain(s), stop(s)

stondeð (standeþ) (3x) 3^rd present (standan). stands, remains, stops

stormas (storm) masculine. storm, tempest, uproar, tumult, violent attack

Sume (sum) pronoun/adjective. some, one, a certain one, something, a certain

sumne (sum) (3x) pronoun/adjective. some, one, a certain one, something, a certain

sundor (1x) adverb. apart, aloof, by oneself, separate, severally, each by themself, in a different manner

swa (9x) adverb/conjunction. so, as, likewise, thus, such, as if, as that,

swæsne (swæs) (1x) adjective. dear, beloved, or his own, one’s own,

sweotule (sweotole) adverb. clearly, evidently, openly, plainly, publically, without obstruction,

Swimmað (1x) plural (swimman). swim, float, move on or over the water,

swiþe (swiðe) adverb. very, exceedingly, strongly, much fiercely,

symbla (symbel) neuter. banquet, feast, festival,

T

 

Til (1x) adjective. good, capable, competent, excellent, or neuter. goodness, fitness

to (13x) preposition/adverb. to, at, toward, from, or too, also, there, thereto

torn (1x) neuter/adjective. anger, grief, or angry, grief stricken, distressing, bitter, grievous, causing violent emotions

treowe (treow) feminine. truth, faith, fidelity, fealty, loyalty, agreement, pledge, treaty, the truth, one’s word, assurance of faith or truth,

ðonne ( þonne)(2x) adverb/conjunction. then, when, since, than,

þa (3x) adverb/conjunction. then, when, since, because or feminine accusitive singula/masculine plural (se). them, her, it,

þam (þæm)(3x) dative masculine and plural (se). him, them

þas (þæs)(3x) masculine genitive singular (se). his, its

þær (2x) adverb/conjunction. there, where, if,

þæt (þætt) (3x) conjunction. that, so that, in order that, in such a way that, until, because, or neuter nominative/accusative singular (se). it

þe (9x) pronoun/conjunction. who, which, that, or when, where, than, , or dative/accusative (þu).you, thou

þeah (1x) adverb/conjunction. however, though, although, yet, nevertheless,

þeaw (1x) masculine. custom, usage, habit, conduct, disposition,

þeodnes (1x) genitive (þeoden). prince, ruler, chief, king, God, Christ, feminine. joining, suture, conjunction, association, society,

þes (1x) pronoun/adjective. this,

þinceð (þenceð) 3^rd present (þincan/þencan). thinks, imagine, consider, think of, meditate, reason,

þis (þes) (2x) neuter singular pronoun. this,

þisne (3x) masculine accusative singular (þis). this,

þisse (1x) genitive plural (þis). this,

þonan (þanan/þanon) adverb. from that time or place, thence, away, whence, from which , of which or (þonan/þonan) thence/whence, then/thereupon,

þone (1x) masculine accusative singular (se). him, it,

þonne (ðonne) (7x) adverb/conjunction. then, when, since, than,

þrag (1x) feminine. time, occasion, space of time, season, period, while,

þrym (þrymm) masculine. troop, crowd, multitude, host, or power, might, ability, violence, or majesty, splendor, glory,

þryþe (þryp) feminine. force, might, strength, power or troop, multitude, host, or majesty glory, splendor,

þy  pronoun/conjunction/adverb. that or because, since on account of, therefore, then, or (þy/þon) any,

uhtna (uhta) masculine. dawn, early morning, that time just before daybreak,

under (2x) preposition/adverb. under, beneath, or among, before, in the presence of, under the shelter of,

us (1x) dative accusative pronoun. us

wac (1x) adjective. weak, slender, pliant, yielding, fluid, feeble, wanting of strength or courage,

wadan (1x) verb. to go, pass, proceed, advance, traverse

waldend (wealdend) (1x) masculine. leader, controller, ruler, lord, king, god or feminine. female ruler

wanhydig (wan-hydig) (1x) adjective. rash, reckless, foolish, imprudent, thoughtless, careless,

Warað (1x) 3^rd plural (warian). guard, hold, possess, take possession of, attend or be wary of, beware,

wat (3x) 1^st/3^rd present (witan). know(s)

waþema (waþem/waþum) (2x) genitive plural masculine. a wave, a billow, flood, stream, sea,

wælgifru (wæl-gifre) (1x) adjective. greedy for slaughter, eager to slay,

wælsleahta (wæl-sleahta/wæl-slieht) (2x) masculine. slaughter, carnage, slaughter in battle,

wæpen (1x) neuter. weapon, sword, arms,

wære (1x) subjunctive past plural (beon). would, ought to,

weal (weall) (1x) masculine. wall

weallas (weall) (1x) masculine. wall.

wealle (weall) (1x) masculine. wall.

wealsteal (weall-steall) masculine/neuter. wall-place, foundation, or a place where there are buildings

weg (1x) masculine. a way, path, route, road, a space to be traversed

wegas (1x) masculine. a way, path, route, road, a space to be traversed

Wel (1x) adverb. well, rightly, fully, very much, abundantly, very easily, quite,

wela (1x) masculine. wealth, weal, prosperity, happiness, riches,

weman (1x) verb. to comfort, console, persuade, lead astray, and to sound, be heard

wenede (1x) 3^rd past (wenian). entertained, honored, treated, or trained, habituated, innured, accustomed.

weoruld feminine. world, humanity, way of life, life, age, long period of time, cycle, eternity,

weorþan (weorðan) (1x) verb. to become, happen, be, get , or be done, be made, or come to pass,

weorþeð (1x) 3^rd present (weorþan). becomes, happens, is, is done, comes to pass

wer (1x) masculine. man, male being, husband, hero,

werig (1x) adjective. weary, tired, exhausted, miserable, sad, or unfortunate,

werigne (1x) accusative adjective (werig). weary, tired, exhausted, miserable, sad, or unfortunate,

weste (1x) adjective. waste, desolate, barren, uninhabited, deserted, empty,

wiðstondan (wið-standan) verb. to withstand, resist, oppose

wig (1x) neuter. war, combat, strife, contest, battle, or valor, military force, army

wiga (1x) masculine. warrior, fighter, or man

wille (2x) 3^rd present (willan). wishes, is about to, will, is willing,

winde (1) dative masculine. wind

winedryhtnes (wine-dryhtnes) (1x) genitive masculine. friendly lord’s, lord and friend’s,

wineleas (wine-leas) (1x) adjective. friendless, lordless,

winemæga (wine-mæga) plural genitive masculine. dear kinsmen’s,

winsalo (win-sælu) (1x) nominative/accusative plural neuter. wine-hall,

wintercearig (winter-cearig) (1x) adjective. winter-grieving, winter sad, or (possibly) sad with years

wintra (1x) plural genitive neuter. winters’, or years’

wintres (1x) singular genitive neuter. winter’s

wis (1x) adjective. wise, learned, or sagacious, cunning or, sane, prudent, discreet, experienced

wise (1x) adverb. wisely, prudently, or feminine. manner, way, fashion, custom, habit,

wisse (wiste) (1x) 3^rd past (witan). knew, understood, was conscious of, or guarded, kept

wiste (wisse) (1x) genitive masculine/feminine  food, feast or 3^rd past (witan). knew, understood, was conscious of, or guarded, kept

Wita (1x) masculine. councilor, wise man, learned man, sage, philosopher, advisor, senator, elder

wlonc (wlanc) (1x) adjective. stately, splendid, rich, lofty, magnificent, or boastful, arrogant, proud, glorying in,

wod (1x) past singular (wadan). advanced, proceeded, traversed or adjective. senseless, mad, raging, blasphemous,

wolde (1x) varient (willan). to wish, will, be willing, be about to,

woma (1x) masculine. noise, howling, tumult, or terror, alarm,

won (wann) (1x) adjective. dark, dusky, lurid,

word (1x) neuter. word, speech, sentence, statement, command, order, subject of talk, story, news, report,

Woriað (1x) plural present (worigan). crumble to pieces, totter, move around, or roam, wander,

worn (1x) masculine. large number, great many, multitude, number, troop, company, or progeny,

woruld (1x) feminine. world, humanity, way of life, life, age, long period of time, cycle, eternity,

worulde (woruld) (1x) feminine genitive, accusative, or dative singular or  nominative or accusative plural.  world, humanity, way of life, life, age, long period of time, cycle, eternity,

woruldrice (1x) neuter. earthly kingdom, world-realm, world, or adjective. having worldly riches or power,

wraþra (wraþ) (1x) adjective. wroth, furious, hostile, terrible, horrible, cruel, grievous, harsh, malignant, evil,

wræclast (wræc-last)(1x) masculine. path of exile,

wræclastas (1x) plural(wræc-last). paths of exile.

wulf (1x) masculine. wolf, or wolfish person, devil,

wunden (1x) past participle (windan). turned, moved, wound, twisted, brandished, wheeled, flew,

wundrum (1x) adverb. wonderfully, wondrously, strangely, or terribly,

Wyn (wynn) (1x) feminine. joy, delight, pleasure, rapture, gladness

wynnum. (1x) adverb. beautifully, joyfully, delightfully, pleasantly

Wyrd (2x) feminine. fate, chance, fortune, destiny, or Fate, The Fates,

wyrda (wyrd) (1x) feminine. fate, chance, fortune, destiny, or Fate, The Fates,

wyrde (wyrd) (1x) feminine. fate, chance, fortune, destiny, or Fate, The Fates, or (wyrde/word) neuter speech, conversation,

wyrmlicum (wyrm-lica)(1x) plural masculine. serpent images, serpent designs, forms of a serpent,

Y

Yþde (ieþde) (1x) 3^rd past (ieþan/yþan). devastated, laid waste to, ravaged, destroyed, or alleviated,

               Sources

***For the glossary, I am principally indebted to the Boswell/Toller text.***

Bosworth, Joseph. and Northcote Toller. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary based on the         manuscript collections of the late Joseph Bosworth. (1898). Edited and Elarged by Northcote Toller. Oxford: Clarendon, 1954.

Northcote Toller. Supplement to an Anglo-Saxon Dictionary based on the manuscript collections of the late Joseph Bosworth. (1922) Oxford: Clarendon, 1955.

Diamond, Robert E. Old English Grammar and Reader. Detroit: Wayne State U P, 1970.

Hall, J.R. Clark. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. (1960) 4th edition. Cambridge U P,  1996.

Moore, Samuel and Thomas A. Knott and James R. Hulbert. The Elements of Old English. 10th edition. Ann Arbor MI: George Wahr,  1977.

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